Counting was under way on Thursday in Bangladesh’s first election since a deadly 2024 uprising and the subsequent student-led revolution, with powerful political heir Tarique Rahman bullish about defeating a coalition.

The 60-year-old said he was “confident” his Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) — which was crushed during the 15 years of ousted premier Sheikh Hasina’s autocratic rule — can regain power in the South Asian nation of 170 million people.

However, he faces a stiff challenge from a coalition led by Jamaat-i-Islami.

Election Commission officials reported “a few minor disruptions” but top party leaders on both sides raised fears of threats, with the BNP’s Rahman calling on people to vote so that “conspiracies will not succeed”.

Jamaat chief Shafiqur Rahman, 67, mounted a disciplined grassroots campaign, hoping to form the government.

Jamaat, which has campaigned on a platform of justice and ending corruption, senses its biggest opportunity in decades, with party leader Shafiqur saying it “will do whatever is required” to ensure a fair result.

“The early results indicate something positive”, the Jamaat chief said, as counting continued.

BNP’s Tarique has said he is “confident” of victory, and his adviser said the party would “secure a sweeping victory”.

Many opinion polls give the BNP the lead, although some suggest a knife-edge race.

Polls closed at 4:30pm (3:30 PKT), with the first significant results potentially expected overnight.

It is the world’s first election after a revolution led by under-30s, or Gen Z, to be followed by Nepal next month.

Polling

Earlier in the day, voters lined up outside polling stations in Dhaka in the hugely anticipated election, while key party leaders raised fears of threats or “conspiracies” to derail the vote.

But “if people in Bangladesh come out to cast their votes, conspiracies will not succeed”, Tarique said after voting.

With around 128m people eligible to vote, turnout reached a high 32.88 per cent by noon at about three-fourths of the 42,651 polling centres across the country, Akhtar Ahmed, senior secretary of the Election Commission, told reporters.

There were no reports of major violence, but a BNP leader died in a scuffle outside a polling booth in the coastal town of Khulna, and two paramilitary personnel and a 13-year old girl were injured when a home-made bomb exploded outside a polling booth in Hasina’s stronghold of Gopalganj.

Around 958,000 personnel from the police, army and paramilitary forces were deployed throughout the country on election day, the Election Commission said. Police and army personnel were stationed outside most polling booths.

In Dhaka, the capital, people queued up outside voting booths before polls opened at 7:30am local time (0130 GMT), including eager participants like Mohammed Jobair Hossain, 39, who said he last voted in 2008.

“I am feeling excited because we are voting in a free manner after 17 years,” Hossain said as he waited in line. “Our votes will matter and have meaning.”

“This was my first vote,” said Shithi Goswami, 21, a student at Dhaka City College. “I hope after everything we went through the last few years, now is the time for something positive.”

UN experts warned ahead of voting of “growing intolerance, threats and attacks”, and a “tsunami of disinformation”, especially targeting millions of young first-time voters.

‘Ended the nightmare’

Opinion polls vary widely, though most give the BNP the lead — with some suggesting a knife-edge race.

During campaigning, political clashes killed five people and injured more than 600, police records show.

Election Commissioner AMM Nasir Uddin said the vote was going “smoothly in a free and fair manner”, with “a few minor disruptions” — noting the main threat was a flood of disinformation on social media.

Interim leader Muhammad Yunus, who will step down once the new government takes power, has said the vote “will determine the future direction of the country”.

The 85-year-old Nobel Peace Prize winner has led the South Asian nation since Hasina’s 15-year rule ended with her ouster in August 2024.

His administration has barred her Awami League party from contesting the polls.

Hasina, 78, was sentenced to death in absentia for crimes against humanity for the bloody crackdown on protesters during her final months in power, and remains in hiding in India.

Yunus, speaking after voting, said that the country had “ended the nightmare and begun a new dream”.

‘Spirit of the uprising’

He has championed a sweeping democratic reform charter to overhaul what he called a “completely broken” system of government and to prevent a return to one-party rule.

The 127m voters were also voting in a referendum on whether to endorse proposals for prime-ministerial term limits, a new upper house of parliament, stronger presidential powers and greater judicial independence.

Yeasin Arafat Emon, 25, said he had backed the charter as it “reflects the spirit of the uprising”.

Voters will elect 300 lawmakers directly, with a further 50 women chosen from party lists.

Several voters were conflicted about participating in the election.

Some, like rickshaw puller Chan Mia, say they cannot afford to travel to their villages to vote and lose their daily income in Dhaka. Others, such as gatekeeper Mohammad Sabuj, feel disillusioned because Hasina’s party is barred.

But some are determined to cast their ballots.

“During Hasina’s time, we couldn’t cast our votes,” said Shakil Ahmed, a driver. “Its my right to vote. This time, I won’t miss it.”

The next government will inherit a battered economy in the world’s second-largest garment exporter, as well as delicate relations with India.

The BNP’s Tarique — whose late parents both led the country — told AFP ahead of the vote that his first priority, if elected, would be restoring security and stability.

But he warned the challenges ahead were immense, and that “the economy has been destroyed”.

President Zardari hopes for peaceful process

President Asif Ali Zardari said he hoped for a peaceful election process in Bangladesh, according to a post by the president’s official account on social media platform X on Thursday morning.

“President Asif Ali Zardari extends best wishes to the people of Bangladesh as over 127 million voters head to the polls today to elect representatives to 300 seats,” the statement said.

He expressed hope for “a peaceful process that strengthens democracy and stability”, the post added.